甘肃竹林资源的历史变迁与发展建议

根据历史文献和实地考察资料，论述了甘肃省竹林资源的历史分布变迁和特点以及现在竹资源现状，对今后甘肃省的竹林发展提出了一些建设性建议。     

浅论生态补偿制度建立及原理

生态补偿是为防止生态资源配置扭曲，通过制度设计来修正发展平衡的问题。本文简要介绍了生态补偿的由来，分析了生态补偿的公共产品、外部效应和生态资本三大理论基础，回顾了中国生态补偿工作开展的情况，对建立生态补偿机制进出了一些建议。     

Long-term changes in forest floor processes in southern Appalachian forests

Soil nutrient concentrations decreased in an aggrading southern Appalachian forest over a 20-year period. Construction of nutrient budgets showed significant nutrient sequestration aboveground including increased forest floor mass. We hypothesized that the changes in forest floor mass resulted from decreased litter decomposition rates because of decreased litter quality. In 1992 and 1993, we repeated a litter decomposition experiment conducted in 1969 and 1970 to test this hypothesis. In addition, we examined microarthropod populations and functional groups as litter decomposed. For four of the five species tested, first-year decomposition rates were about the same in both experiments. Initial litter nutrient concentrations of P were lower in all tree species in the most recent sampling. N, Ca, and Mg concentrations also declined in some species. These declines often resulted in decreased nutrient release rates during decomposition. Microarthropod populations differed significantly among litter species, as well as between years (probably resulting from differences in growing-season rainfall). For some litter species we found significant relationships between microarthropod populations and nutrient concentration (primarily C and N); however, most r²-values were low. Data suggest that changes in forest floor mass probably resulted from decreased litter quality and that those changes may have an effect on microarthropod populations.     

近30年来内蒙古地区气候干湿状况时空分布特征

根据内蒙古115个气象站1971～2000年气象资料,采用改进的Selianinov干燥度计算公式,研究了内蒙古地区气候干湿状况时空变化。结果表明:内蒙古干燥度空间分布具有明显地带性分布规律,即从西向东随经度增加干燥度逐渐变小,气候变得湿润。从年际变化的空间分布可以看出,30年来内蒙古地区气候变化大致分为两种类型:1)干湿交替型,位于西部的典型荒漠区和东北部的大兴安岭森林区。2)持续变干型,内蒙古中东北地区的半湿润区和半干旱区的分界线,30年来持续向东南方向推进,使得半湿润区面积缩小,半干旱区面积增加。从年际变化的时间分布来看,70年代,年平均干燥度呈现波动式下降,气候变化趋于湿润化;80年代,气候经历了先干后湿又干的变化过程,干燥度波动较大;90年代,气候经历了先湿润后急剧变干的变化过程,其中1995～2000年干燥度增幅为30年最快的时段。在六大生态类型分区中,典型荒漠区干燥度变化最为剧烈,且对内蒙古全区干燥度的贡献率最大,大兴安岭林区和草甸草原区的干燥度变化最小。从气候干湿状况的年代际变化可以看出,80年代是内蒙古全区气候干旱比较严重的年代。     

镇赉县十年间森林资源动态变化分析

以镇赉县2004年和2014年森林资源规划设计调查成果为基础,分析森林资源的变化状况,结果表明:全县经营总面积由2004年的475 498 hm2减少到2014年的471 028 hm2;有林地面积由35 226.4 hm2减少到34 831.7 hm2;灌木林地面积由4 082.1 hm2增加到4 330.2 hm2。森林覆盖率为8.31%,较2004年(8.27%)提高了0.04%。活立木总蓄积量2 295 601 m3,较2004年(1 990 854 m3)提高了15.31%。针对森林资源现状提出了经营建议。     

肉桂人工林土壤速效养分与酶活性的季节变化

研究了广西高峰林场林龄为3年和6年的肉桂人工林土壤速效养分(水解N、速效P、速效K)和土壤酶活性(过氧化氢酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶)的季节变化规律及其相互关系。结果表明：两种林地土壤速效养分含量和土壤酶话性均表现出明显的季节动态．：E壤速效N、P、K含量和L壤脲酶活性均以肉桂生长初期(3月中旬)最高．其次是第一个生长高峰期(6月中旬)或第二个生长高峰期(9月中旬)，最低是生长未期(12月中旬)；而土壤过氧化氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性以第一个生长高峰期或第二个生长高峰期最高．其次是生长初期,最低是生长末期；士壤速效养分与土壤酶活性的季节变化密切相关。因此，生长初期至第一个生长高峰期是肉桂林地施用N、P、K肥的适当时期。     

Management effects on carbon stocks and fluxes across the Orinoco savannas

Across the physiognomic types of the Orinoco llanos, periodic inventories and changes in land-use between 1982–1992 are estimated. Results indicate that the area under pastures and forest plantations is increased by 0.005337×10⁶ km², whilts reducing the area of croplands by 0.000119×10⁶ km². This is a net increase of 0.005218×10⁶ km². The gross carbon release is 174.66 Tg C per year to the atmosphere and transferring from cultivated and native vegetation to wood products (1.62 Tg C per year) and slash (1.18 Tg C per year). The processes of land preparation contribute 1.40 Tg C per year to the atmosphere. From the tree savannas, woodlands and forests 0.73 Tg C per year are estimated to have been transferred to the soil following clearance and burning over this period, and 1.05 Tg C per year from herbaceous savannas when were buried and decomposed at 0.84 Tg C per year. The estimate of carbon balance here by inventories and changes in land-use approach indicates that the Orinoco llanos is a sink of −17.53 Tg C per year. The carbon turnover time in the Orinoco system is 68 years, which provides a limited route for carbon sequestration. The calculated potential of the Orinoco llanos for storing carbon is 8300 Tg C. Ecological options to achieve this potential value are addressed. However, nutrient deficiency and seasonal water supply are serious drawbacks to take into account for increasing carbon accretion. These results are particular for the Orinoco llanos, even though described processes could be similar to world-wide savannas, where a gradient of carbon heterogeneity exists.     

甘肃省天然林区森林资源蓄积量及用材林消长变化

通过对甘肃省天然林区5次森林资源连续清查蓄积量及用材林蓄积量变化的分析，初步得出结论：1979-1988年甘肃省天然林区蓄积量为增长阶段，1988-1996年蓄积量属减少阶段，1996-2001年为增长阶段。通过对3个阶段的分析，说明甘肃省20多年来，天然林区蓄积量呈波浪式的增长、减少、再增长趋势，也充分说明了国家实施天保工程的正确性。     

香椿组织培养与快速繁殖的研究

香椿试管苗在不同培养条件下增殖速度明显不同.太行山香椿试管苗的最佳增殖条件为改良MS十SBA1.0十GA_32.0+IAA0.0;燕山香椿试管苗则为WPM+6BA1.0+GA_32.0+IAA0.0。试管苗的生根能力在IBA0.2～1.0的范围内逐渐提高.增殖倍数不同试管苗其K的摄入量、碳水化合物含量以及POD和EST同工酶图谱亦有明显差别。     

全运会竞赛制度变迁方向探索

通过对历届全运会竞赛规程的竞赛举办时间、地点、项目设置、运动员参赛资格、奖励和计分办法等条款进行分析，认 为全运会经过不断演变，已形成奥运会次年办赛、项目设置以夏季奥运项目为主并兼顾民族传统体育项目和全国各地竞争办赛 的特点；运动员交流办法已趋于完善，奥运会成绩计分、两次计分、球类加倍计分等计分办法逐渐演变成我国全会运会特殊的 计分制度。建议将已经有过办赛经验的省、市援助中、西部欠发达地区申办全运会，制定办赛奖励制度；对交流运动员交流年 限延长至一个全运会周期，重视“新型联合培养”；根据全运会发展需要，进一步加大计分奖励力度。